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Undated: The United States budget process is the framework used by Congress and the President of the United States to formulate and create the United States federal budget. The process was established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921,^[1] the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974,^[2] and additional budget legislation.

Prior to 1974, Congress had no formal process for establishing a federal budget. When President Richard Nixon began to refuse to spend funds that Congress had allocated, they adopted a more formal means by which to challenge him. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 created the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), which gained more control of the budget, limiting the power of the President's Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The Act passed easily while the administration was embroiled in the Watergate scandal and was unwilling to provoke Congress.^[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_budget_process

Undated: An appropriations bill is legislation in the United States Congress to appropriate^[1] federal funds to specific federal government departments, agencies and programs. The money provides funding for operations, personnel, equipment and activities.^[2] Regular appropriations bills are passed annually, with the funding they provide covering one fiscal year. The fiscal year is the accounting period of the federal government, which runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following year.^[3] Appropriations bills are under the jurisdiction of the United States House Committee on Appropriations and the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations.^[2] Both Committees have twelve matching subcommittees, each tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills.

There are three types of appropriations bills: regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental appropriations bills.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriations_bill_%28United_States%29

Undated: An authorization bill is a type of legislation used in the United States to authorize the activities of the various agencies and programs that are part of the federal government of the United States. Authorizing such programs is one of the powers of the United States Congress. Authorizations give those things the legal power to operate and exist.^[1] Authorization bills must be passed in both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate before being signed by the President of the United States in order to become law.^[2] They may originate in either chamber of Congress, unlike appropriations bills, which must originate in the House.^[3] They can also be considered at any time during the year.^[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization_bill

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Undated: The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (Pub.L. 115–141) is a United States omnibus spending bill for the United States federal government for FY2018 enacted by the 115th United States Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump on March 23, 2018.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2018

Undated: In the United States, a continuing resolution (often abbreviated to CR) is a type of appropriations legislation.

A continuing resolution continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time.^[1] Continuing resolutions typically provide funding at a rate or formula based on the previous year's funding.^[3] The funding extends until a specific date or regular appropriations bills are passed, whichever comes first. There can be some changes to some of the accounts in a continuing resolution. The continuing resolution takes the form of a joint resolution, and may provide bridging funding for existing federal programs at current, reduced, or expanded levels.^[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_resolution

Undated: An earmark is a provision inserted into a discretionary spending appropriations bill that directs funds to a specific recipient while circumventing the merit-based or competitive funds allocation process. Earmarks feature in American and South African public finance.

Unlike the spoils system, earmarks do not increase public spending as a direct effect; an earmark considered in isolation merely shift funds from one recipient to another. However, earmarks often feature prominently in the political horse trading required to enact legislation, and may create or abet perverse incentives in this realm.^{[citation needed]} Additionally, due to its surface structure as a zero sum game, it can serve to promote petty regionalism, where the public interest might have been better served by constituents organizing on a larger scale, to contest issues of greater import.^{[citation needed]} On the flip side, political bargaining around earmarks might usefully contribute to the process of reaching bipartisan consensus on a legislative agenda, ameliorating the negative public consequences of legislative gridlock.^{[citation needed]}

"Earmark" comes from the livestock term, where the ears of domestic animals were cut in specific ways so that farmers could distinguish their stock from others grazing on public land. In particular, the term comes from earmarked hogs where, by analogy, pork-barreled legislation would be doled out among members of the local political machine.^[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark_%28politics%29

Undated: An omnibus spending bill is a type of bill in the United States that packages many of the smaller ordinary appropriations bills into one larger single bill that could be passed with only one vote in each house.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_spending_bill
-- 2018 --
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Undated:  Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2018 ... The Congress.gov appropriations table provides convenient access to continuing appropriations, omnibus appropriations, supplemental appropriations, regular appropriations, and budget resolutions. Learn more about legislative appropriations and the Federal budget. 
https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/Appropriations+for+Fiscal+Year+2018

March 20: What’s in and what’s out in the $1.3T omnibus spending bill
https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/20/what-is-in-spending-bill-426091

March 21: Congress Hits A New Low As It Struggles To Pass A Spending Bill

Congressional Republican leaders are desperately trying to pass a $1.3 trillion omnibus spending bill before the current money runs out on Friday. Already since the start of the fiscal year on Oct. 1, Congress has passed five successive temporary spending bills as it has failed to come up with a comprehensive spending package. Twice Congress has not been able to enact a temporary fix in time, causing brief government shutdowns.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/charlestiefer/2018/03/21/the-omnibus-spending-bill-process-deserves-a-grade-of-f/#44bb4df2e3b0

March 22:

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