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Undated: Government debt (also known as public interest, public debt, national debt and sovereign debt)[1][2] contrasts to the annual government budget deficit, which is a flow variable that equals the difference between government receipts and spending in a single year. The debt is a stock variable, measured at a specific point in time, and it is the accumulation of all prior deficits.

Government debt can be categorized as internal debt (owed to lenders within the country) and external debt (owed to foreign lenders). Another common division of government debt is by duration until repayment is due. Short term debt is generally considered to be for one year or less, and long term debt is for more than ten years. Medium term debt falls between these two boundaries. A broader definition of government debt may consider all government liabilities, including future pension payments and payments for goods and services which the government has contracted but not yet paid.

Governments create debt by issuing government bonds and bills. Less creditworthy countries sometimes borrow directly from a supranational organization (e.g. the World Bank) or international financial institutions.

Monetarily sovereign countries (such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Australia and most other countries, in contrast with eurozone countries) that issue debt denominated in their home currency can make payments on the interest or principal of government debt by creating money, although at the risk of higher inflation. In this way their debt is different from that of households, which are restricted by their income. Thus such government bonds are at least as safe as any other bonds denominated in the same currency.

A central government with its own currency can pay for its spending by creating money ex novo.[3] In this instance, a government issues securities not to raise funds, but instead to remove excess bank reserves (caused by government spending that is higher than tax receipts) and '...create a shortage of reserves in the market so that the system as a whole must come to the [central] Bank for liquidity.' [4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt#By_country

-- 2016 --

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March 7: Donald Trump's tax plan could land America $10 trillion deeper in debt

Donald Trump’s plan would sharply reduce the top tax rate on individual income from 39.6% to 25% and broadly reduce rates for individuals with lower incomes. His plan would also lower the tax rate on corporate income from 35% to 15%, and apply this 15% to other “business income.”

While his plan limits certain tax preferences and deductions, it does not include any reductions in federal spending. As a result, the Trump plan increases the federal deficit over the next decade by $10 trillion or $12 trillion, according to several estimates that do not include macroeconomic changes in GDP, investment and employment.
https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/donald-trumps-tax-plan-could-land-america-10-trillion-deeper-in-debt/

March 23: Donald Trump Is Understating His Debt by $500 Million

On the campaign trail, Donald Trump has said dealing with the nation’s $18 trillion debt will be easy. One reason: Trump could just choose to ignore it. That appears to be how Trump has dealt with some of the debt on his own balance sheet.
http://fortune.com/2016/03/23/donald-trump-debt/

June 12: On the presidential campaign trail, Mr. Trump, the presumptive Republican nominee, often boasts of his success in Atlantic City, of how he outwitted the Wall Street firms that financed his casinos and rode the value of his name to riches. A central argument of his candidacy is that he would bring the same business prowess to the Oval Office, doing for America what he did for his companies.
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/12/nyregion/donald-trump-atlantic-city.html

-- 2017 --

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January 6: What Donald Trump Owes Wall Street ... New information on conflicts of interest that would challenge even a saint

Wells Fargo. JPMorgan Chase. Fidelity Investments. Prudential PLC. Vanguard Group. These are among the major financial institutions that own business debt held by Donald Trump
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/what-donald-trump-owes-wall-street/512327/

January 11: Actually, Trump Does Have A Lot Of Debt — And It’s A Mess

Trump’s debt is held by a who’s who of big finance companies, potentially giving them leverage over his administration.
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trump-debt_us_5876721ae4b05b7a465d122c

February 25: Trump lashes out at media for failing to report debt decrease
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/02/25/trump-lashes-out-media-failing-report-debt-decrease/98400730/

February 25: Donald Trump Falsely Takes Credit For Decrease In National Debt

As well as taking credit for Obama's work.
https://www.teenvogue.com/story/donald-trump-falsely-takes-credit-decrease-national-debt

March 30: Federal budget deficits in the United States will more than triple over the next three decades, leading to a record level of publicly held debt by 2047, the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projected Thursday.
http://thehill.com/policy/finance/326477-cbo-budget-deficits-debt-to-reach-record-highs-in-30-years

September 6: Trump breaks with Republicans on debt ceiling deal
https://www.axios.com/trump-breaks-with-republicans-on-debt-ceiling-deal-1513305319-5a70426a-d724-485b-8c93-66266ca12e16.html

September 6: How Democrats Rolled Trump on the Debt Ceiling
https://www.newyorker.com/news/ryan-lizza/how-democrats-rolled-trump-on-the-debt-ceiling

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September 7: President Trump Says He's Open to Eliminating the Debt Ceiling
http://time.com/4932389/donald-trump-debt-ceiling-eliminate/

September 7: The President cut a deal -- with Democrats -- [which ensures] passage of Hurricane Harvey disaster relief funding. [and] also raises the debt ceiling (... for only three months) and keeps the government funded through December.
http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/07/us/five-things-september-7-trnd/index.html

October 11: Donald Trump and Puerto Rico’s Debt
https://www.nationalreview.com/blog/corner/wipe-out-puerto-ricos-debt-donald-trump-said-yes/

October 12: Is Trump right that rising stock market can reduce national debt?

[Trump]: "As you know the last eight years, they borrowed more than it did in the whole history of our country. So they borrowed more than $10 trillion, right? And yet, we picked up $5.2 trillion just in the stock market. Possibly picked up the whole thing in terms of the first nine months, in terms of value.  So you could say, in one sense, we're really increasing values. And maybe in a sense we're reducing debt."

Is he right that the rise in the stock market, in a sense, reduces debt? No. 
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-trump-right-that-rising-stock-market-can-reduce-national-debt/

December 21: Ivanka Trump: Tax cuts and deregulation will 'ultimately eliminate the national debt'

This theory — that the [GOP tax] bill will pay for itself and even erode existing debt through increased economic growth — is unsubstantiated. Virtually no nonpartisan studies or experts have found that the GOP bill, which slashes the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, will be deficit-neutral or decrease the debt-to-GDP ratio.
http://www.businessinsider.com/ivanka-trump-tax-cuts-deregulation-eliminate-debt-2017-12

-- 2018 --

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January 6: Donald Trump's businesses owe $1.8bn to more than 150 different institutions, new study suggests ... President-elect faces more questions about conflict of interest as financial reliance on big banks is revealed
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-businesses-owe-debt-18-billion-150-institutions-study-source-of-study-president-elect-a7512586.html

January 10: Chinese Caution on U.S. Debt Clouds Financing for Trump’s Tax Cut ... China could make it harder for U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin to finance budget deficits brought on by President Donald Trump’s tax cuts.

Chinese officials reviewing the nation’s foreign-exchange holdings have recommended slowing or halting purchases of U.S. Treasuries

“Financing a big deficit in the U.S. is going to be tough if China is not involved at all, or even worse, if they start competing with Treasury by selling their own holdings...”
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-10/chinese-caution-on-u-s-debt-clouds-financing-for-trump-tax-cut

January 31: An Even Bigger Budget Deficit And National Debt Are On The Way ... Trump, who likes to refer to himself and his administration with superlatives, is very likely to be the biggest deficit- and debt-increasing president of all time.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/stancollender/2018/01/31/trumps-sotu-an-even-bigger-budget-deficit-and-national-debt-are-on-the-way/#ed84cb950da2

February 5: Trump ran on reducing the debt — now he’s sending it through the roof ... The Treasury Department is expected to borrow $955 billion in 2018, the most in the last six years
https://www.salon.com/2018/02/05/trump-ran-on-reducing-the-debt-now-hes-sending-it-through-the-roof/

February 11: Trump's budget will propose cutting $3 trillion, set goal of reducing the debt rather than balancing the budget
http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trumps-budget-will-propose-cutting-3-trillion-set-goal-of-reducing-the-debt-rather-than-balancing-the-budget/article/2648796

February 12: A White House Budget Fit for the King of Debt
https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/a-white-house-budget-fit-for-the-king-of-debt

February 13: Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats used a Senate hearing Tuesday to do something unusual: take a swipe at both the Trump administration and Congress for allowing federal deficits and debt to spiral upward.
https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/13/trump-national-debt-intelligence-officials-407255

February 13: Welfare for the Wealthy ... Republican administrations always cut taxes on the rich to cut benefits for the poor.
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/02/trumps-budget-is-welfare-for-the-wealthy.html

February 13: Trump's budget would add trillions to the deficit. Voters probably won't care.

President Donald Trump's budget plan could add more than $7 trillion to the country's debt over the next decade. Such a plan goes against supposed Republican orthodoxy of trying to eliminate (or at least bring down) the federal budget debt and deficit. Some Republican members of Congress have voiced their frustration with raising deficits, which could derail Trump's budget proposal.

Yet polling suggests it is unlikely that Trump will receive too much of a backlash for raising deficits, including from those who voted for him.
https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/13/politics/donald-trump-federal-budget-deficit/index.html

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February 14: Jared Kushner's Debt Soared By Millions Since Entering White House, Ivanka Trump Financial Disclosure Reveals
http://www.newsweek.com/jared-kushners-debt-soared-millions-entering-white-house-ivanka-trump-807055

February 14: States that voted for Trump more likely to have growing credit-card debt ... Data show correlation between debt change and political standing
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-states-saw-big-rise-in-credit-card-debt-over-the-past-five-years-2018-02-13

February 14: Trump’s ‘Deficit Reduction’

White House press aides are claiming President Donald Trump’s budget contains trillions in “deficit reduction,” when it actually calls for larger deficits for the next several years
https://www.factcheck.org/2018/02/trumps-deficit-reduction/

February 15: Judge Andrew Napolitano: Trump’s new budget is a debt bomb waiting to explode
http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2018/02/15/judge-andrew-napolitano-trump-s-new-budget-is-debt-bomb-waiting-to-explode.html

February 15: Economists Beginning to Worry Trump Might Nuke the Economy After All

And they’re not mincing words.
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/02/economists-are-beginning-to-worry-that-trump-might-nuke-the-economy

February 20: President Trump is considering more tariffs that would punish China. But he needs China more than ever in the coming years to pay for the U.S. government.

China is by far the largest holder of Treasuries, the debt that the United States sells in the form of bonds when it needs to borrow money. China's holdings just passed $1 trillion.
http://money.cnn.com/2018/02/20/news/economy/china-us-trade-gap-government-debt/index.html

February 20: The Trump presidency has seen foreigners flock in as buyers of US government debt
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/20/trump-presidency-has-seen-foreigners-flock-in-as-treasury-debt-buyers.html

February 20: Trump Administration Looking at Bankruptcy Options for Student Debt  ... The Education Department could clarify the meaning of ‘undue hardship’ that is needed to have loans erased
https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-administration-looking-at-bankruptcy-options-for-student-debt-1519146215

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July 30: Russia just dumped 84% of its American debt. What that means

Between March and May, Russia's holdings of US Treasury bonds plummeted by $81 billion, representing 84% of its total US debt holdings.

The sudden debt dump may have contributed to a short-term spike in Treasury rates that spooked the market. 10-year Treasury yields topped 3% in April for the first time since 2014.

It also sparked a guessing game about Moscow's motivations. Maybe Russia just wanted to diversify its portfolio, as the central bank stated. Or perhaps Russia was seeking revenge for Washington's crippling sanctions on aluminum maker Rusal.
https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/30/investing/russia-us-debt-treasury/index.html

August 2: The Trump administration is headed for a gigantic debt headache

Swelling government debt levels are shaping up to be the biggest economic challenge for President Donald Trump, a problem that could spill into the stock market.

This week's Treasury Department announcement that it would have to increase the amount of bond auctions over the next three months was a low-key reminder that the government IOU is only getting bigger and will start influencing interest rates sooner rather than later.
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/02/the-trump-administration-is-headed-for-a-gigantic-debt-headache.html

August 2: How Much Did Obamacare Cost?

Learn Why the Affordable Care Act Doesn't Add to the Debt

Does Obamacare add to the U.S. debt, or reduce it? The answers can be very confusing. Estimates range from saving $143 billion over the next decade to adding $1.76 trillion to it. And then there's President Obama's initial claim that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act would add $940 billion to the debt. Who's right? They all are. Here's how.
https://www.thebalance.com/cost-of-obamacare-3306050

September 11: Trump told Gary Cohn to 'print money' to lower the national debt, according to Bob Woodward's book
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/11/trump-once-considered-just-printing-money-to-lower-the-national-debt-woodward-reports.html

September 12: ... is it really true that "President Trump’s Republican Party will create more debt in one year than was generated in the first 200 years of America’s existence"?

Pretty much.
https://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2018/sep/12/joe-scarborough/will-trump-gop-create-more-debt-one-year-first-200/

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September 17:
‘I support higher taxes’: The billionaire behind the National Debt Clock has had it with Trump

U.S. government debt per household is now $127,000 (and rising)

When U.S. government debt topped a trillion dollars for the first time in the early 1980s, the late New York real estate magnate Seymour Durst sent every member of Congress a holiday card that said: “Happy New Year! Your share of the federal debt is $5,000.”

When lawmakers refused to act, Durst went further, putting up the National Debt Clock in 1989 on a building he owned just off New York City’s bustling Times Square. Three decades later, the clock is still running, yet U.S. debt has skyrocketed and most in Congress ignore it.

Republicans, including President Donald Trump, campaigned on balancing the budget, yet they have added more than $1.5 trillion to the debt in the past year.

The result is that by the end of 2018, the nation will hit milestone: The federal government’s total debt owed to outsiders (known as “debt held by the public”) will exceed all debt that U.S. households have for mortgages, credit cards, cars, student loans and other personal loans for the first time in modern history, according to JPMorgan.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2018/09/17/i-support-higher-taxes-billionaire-behind-national-debt-clock-has-had-it-with-trump/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.f9de7934ce31

October 20: Trump said he would erase America's debt in 8 years. It's now bigger than ever.

As a candidate, Donald Trump promised to get rid of the entire national debt “over a period of eight years.” When this promise was made, the national debt stood at $19 trillion; it has since risen to $21.7 trillion. In the fiscal year ending September 30, it grew by $779 billion, up 17 percent from $666 billion in fiscal 2017. This year, after the Trump tax cuts take full effect, another $1 trillion worth of government IOUs will be issued.
https://www.weeklystandard.com/irwin-m-stelzer/national-debt-under-trump-rises-to-21-7-trillion

-- 2019 --

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February 13: The national debt is no longer a problem that can be ignored. According to the Treasury department, the total public debt crossed the $22 trillion mark on Monday, with some $30 billion in debt added this month alone. When President Donald Trump took office, debt stood just over $19.9 trillion.

Trump had promised to eliminate national debt during his presidency, a pledge he dialed back to “reducing” a chunk. While the national debt took a temporary dip to $19.8 trillion thanks to the debt ceiling, Trump’s decision to raise the debt ceiling in the fall of 2017 caused the debt to hit $20 trillion. Last year, he suspended it until March 2019. And the debt has been skyrocketing since.
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/national-debt-effect-americans-223401667.html

-- 2020 --

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